How To Plan For Retirement
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The target number — 25x annual spending
Retirement planning is a series of numbers working against compound interest and against your own inertia. Start at 25 and a 10% savings rate gets you there; start at 45 and you need 25% plus optimism. This guide walks through the target numbers (the 25x rule, the 4% rule), account priority order (401k match → Roth IRA → 401k → taxable), the contribution limits, and the common mistakes that cost real money over decades.
The starting-age math
Rule of thumb: you need 25 times your expected annual retirement spending to retire. Spend $60k/year in retirement → need $1.5M. Spend $100k → $2.5M.
Account priority order (US)
The 25x factor comes from the 4% rule: a diversified portfolio (60/40 stocks/bonds) can safely sustain ~4% annual withdrawals across a 30-year retirement without running out, assuming historical returns. 25 × 4% = 100% of annual spend.
Traditional vs Roth — which to use when
Caveats: 4% is derived from US market history; low-yield environments and 40+ year retirements argue for 3.3-3.5% as safer. Early retirees often plan around 3.5% to buy insurance against sequence-of-returns risk.
Asset allocation — the glide path
What percentage of income do you need to save? Varies by start age (assumes 7% real return, aims for 25x annual spend at 65):
Social Security — when to claim
The cost of starting 10 years later is roughly doubling the required savings rate. Compound growth is unforgiving.
Healthcare before 65
Most efficient order to allocate savings, for most people:
5 common retirement mistakes
General guidance: Roth in your 20s-30s and in early-career lower-income years; traditional in peak-earning years when deductions matter most; mix of both for tax-bracket flexibility in retirement.
How to check if you’re on track
Common rule: percentage in stocks = 110 − your age. At 30: 80% stocks / 20% bonds. At 60: 50% / 50%.
Run the numbers
A target-date fund (e.g., Vanguard Target Retirement 2055) handles this automatically — it glides from aggressive to conservative as the year approaches. Fine choice for hands-off investors.